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Welcome To Roj Bash Kurdistan
The United States of Kurdistan
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The United States of Kurdistan
Author: Anthea » Sat Jan 06, 2024 12:08 pm
My Name Is KURDISTAN And I Will Be FREE
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Anthea - Shaswar
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- Nationality: Kurd by heart
Re: The United States of Kurdistan
Author: Anthea » Sat Jan 06, 2024 12:12 pm
The United States of Kurdistan
Kurdistan has been occupied after having been divided between several barbaric nations such that ever since WWI, Kurdish people have been brutalised in their own homeland. Kurdistan’s freedom movements tried and struggled to their best ability, but could not succeed in liberating Kurdistan and thereby leading the Kurdish nation to freedom.
I drew upon my own learning and life experience and then called upon experts to seek a solution to build a new political movement and lay down the guidelines for Kurdistan’s freedom; these are fundamentally that all Kurdistan has to be one, and that the political movements should become a government that must ensure the liberation of Kurdistan.
Accordingly, we announced the USK’s government on 24 July 2018 in Lausanne in the same location and indeed, the very place, where Turkey was proclaimed an independent nation state but with this being based on its occupying the greatest land mass of Kurdish territory.
We are celebrating the government of the USK’s 2nd anniversary by sharing the basis of our claim for independence with Kurdish people everywhere and the wider world.
Sincerely,
Hisên Baybas
Kurdistan has been occupied after having been divided between several barbaric nations such that ever since WWI, Kurdish people have been brutalised in their own homeland. Kurdistan’s freedom movements tried and struggled to their best ability, but could not succeed in liberating Kurdistan and thereby leading the Kurdish nation to freedom.
I drew upon my own learning and life experience and then called upon experts to seek a solution to build a new political movement and lay down the guidelines for Kurdistan’s freedom; these are fundamentally that all Kurdistan has to be one, and that the political movements should become a government that must ensure the liberation of Kurdistan.
Accordingly, we announced the USK’s government on 24 July 2018 in Lausanne in the same location and indeed, the very place, where Turkey was proclaimed an independent nation state but with this being based on its occupying the greatest land mass of Kurdish territory.
We are celebrating the government of the USK’s 2nd anniversary by sharing the basis of our claim for independence with Kurdish people everywhere and the wider world.
Sincerely,
Hisên Baybas
My Name Is KURDISTAN And I Will Be FREE
-
Anthea - Shaswar
- Donator
- Posts: 31601
- Images: 1151
- Joined: Thu Oct 18, 2012 2:13 pm
- Location: Sitting in front of computer
- Highscores: 3
- Arcade winning challenges: 6
- Has thanked: 6019 times
- Been thanked: 746 times
- Nationality: Kurd by heart
Re: The United States of Kurdistan
Author: Anthea » Sat Jan 06, 2024 12:43 pm
[1] 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum. (2020, March 28). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Kurd ... referendum.
[2] Iraq halts international flights to Kurdistan Region. (2017, September 29). Retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-41440747; Iran and Iraq to hold joint border drills. (2017, September 30). Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/ ... 8863.html; A new war in Iraq, now between Shia Arabs and Kurds. (2017, October 16.). Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/middle-east-a ... and-kurds; Kurdish forces abandon long-held lands to Iraqi army and Shia fighters. (2017, October 17). Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/ ... a-fighters.
[3] Battle of Kirkuk (2017). (2020, April 19). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kirkuk_(2017).
[4] Iraqi Kurdish leader Massoud Barzani to step down. (2017, October 29). Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-41794083.
[5] Iraq court rules no region can secede after Kurdish independence bid. (2017, November 6). Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mide ... SKBN1D617O.
[6] Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (1933). Available at: https://www.jus.uio.no/english/services ... states.xml.
[7] Prof. Hasani E, Self-Determination, Territorial Integrity and International Stability. National Defence Academy, Institute for Peace Support and Conflict Management Vienna in co-operation with: PfP-Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes. Available at: https://www.bundesheer.at/pdf_pool/publ ... hasa03.pdf.
[8] Baybasin H. (July 24, 2018), ‘My Humble Statement in Contribution for the Announcement of the Government in Exile of the United States of Kurdistan’, available at: http://www.uskgov.com.
[9] Yildiz, K., Muller, M., & Chomsky, N. (2008): Background. In The European Union and Turkish Accession: Human Rights and the Kurds (p. 6). London: Pluto Press; Cemilpaşa, E., (1988): Kurdistan kisa tarihi: Istanbul, 1988: doz basin yayin.
[10] Sterio, M. (2013): The right to self-determination under international law: “selfistans,” secession, and the rule of the great powers (pp. 10, 27). London: Routledge.
[11] Ibid; Izady, M. (2004), Kurds and the Formation of the State of Iraq, 1917–1932. In Simon R. & Tejirian E. (Eds.), The Creation of Iraq, 1914-1921 (pp. 95-109). New York: Columbia University Press.
[12] Zeydanlıoğlu, W. (2012), Turkey’s Kurdish language policy, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2012(217), 99-125.
[13] Malanczuk, P. (1991), The Kurdish Crisis and Allied Intervention in the Aftermath of the Second Gulf War. European Journal of International Law, 2(2), 114–132. Available at: http://ejil.org/pdfs/2/1/1160.pdf.
[14] Hippler, J. (1990). Kurdistan – ein ungelöstes problem im mittleren osten: von unabhängigkeitsstreben, uneinigkeit und unterdrückung. Vereinte Nationen: German Review on the United Nations, 38(6), (pp. 202–203).
[15] Hannum, H. (2011): Autonomy, Sovereignty, and Self-Determination (pp. 178-202). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
[16] Malanczuk, P. (1991), The Kurdish Crisis and Allied Intervention in the Aftermath of the Second Gulf War. European Journal of International Law, 2(2), 114–132. Available at: http://ejil.org/pdfs/2/1/1160.pdf; Dawn, C. (2010): Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East (pp. 231-278). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[17] Çandarlıoğlu, K (2020, February 22), Istiklal Mahkemeleri. Retrieved from https://belgelerlegercektarih.com/2012/ ... hkemeleri/.
[18] Olson, R.W. (1989), The Emergence of Kurdish Racism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880-1925. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77619-5. Archived from the original on 2008-09-17; Olson, R.W. (March 2000), The Kurdish Rebellions of Sheikh Said (1925), Mt. Ararat (1930), and Dersim (1937-8): Their Impact on the Development of the Turkish Air Force and on Kurdish and Turkish Nationalism. In Die Welt des Islams. 40 (1) (pp. 67–94). doi:10.1163/1570060001569893; University of Central Arkansas (Political Science): 16. Turkey/Kurds (1922-present). Available at: https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-p ... -present/; Mustafa Gürbüz: Rival Kurdish Movements in Turkey. Transforming Ethnic Conflict (p. 104). Amsterdam University Press. Available at: http://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/a ... 623376.pdf.
[19] See, amongst others, Jozuka E. (22 June 2012), Shedding light on the Zilan Massacre in Turkey. Available at: https://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2 ... ey3988.htm. See also: Massicard, E. (2009, September 28), The Repression of the Koçgiri Rebellion, 1920-1921. Retrieved from https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence ... 1921.html; Yildiz, K., Muller, M., & Chomsky, N. (2008): Background. In The European Union and Turkish Accession: Human Rights and the Kurds (p. 15). London: Pluto Press.
[20] See, for instance, Kieser H-L. (27 July 2011), Dersim Massacre, 1937-1938. Retrieved from https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence ... -1938.html. See also: Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey. (2020, April 16). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rig ... _in_Turkey.
[21] Ibid; with reference to: Aygün, H. (2009), Dersim 1938 ve zorunlu iskân, Telgraflar, dilekçeler, mektuplar (pp. 57-89). Ankara: Dipnot.
[22] Göktaş, H. (1991), Kürt, Isyan, Tenkil. Istanbul: Alan Yayincilik.
[23] Çağlayangil, İ.S. (2007), Kader bizi una değil, üne itti: ağlayangil’in anıları (pp. 69-73). Istanbul: Bilgi Yayınevi. See also: Kieser, H. (2007), A quest for belonging. Anatolia beyond empire and nation (pp. 249-251). Istanbul: ISIS.
[24] Badıllı, A (1990), Bediüzzaman Said Nursi, Mufassal Tarihçe-i Hayatı (p. 1134). Istanbul: Timaş. According to Zaman 4 December 2008.
[25] Bruinessen, M. van (1994), Genocide in Kurdistan? The suppression of the Dersim rebellion in Turkey (1937-38) and the chemical war against the Iraqi Kurds (1988). In Andreopoulos, G. J. (Ed.) Conceptual and historical dimensions of genocide (pp. 141-170). University of Pennsylvania Press.
[26] Beşikçi, İ (1992), Tunceli kanunu (1935) ve Dersim jenosidi. Ankara: Yurt Kitap-Yayın.
[27] Bruinessen, M. van (1994), Genocide in Kurdistan? The suppression of the Dersim rebellion in Turkey (1937-38) and the chemical war against the Iraqi Kurds (1988). In Andreopoulos, G. J. (Ed.) Conceptual and historical dimensions of genocide (pp. 143). University of Pennsylvania Press. See also: Hannum, H. (2011), Autonomy, Sovereignty, and Self-Determination (pp. 178-202). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
[28] Kieser, H. (2000), Der verpasste Friede. Mission, Ethnie und Staat in den Ostprovinzen der Türkei (1839-1938) (pp.411-412). Zürich: Chronos. See also: Kieser, H. (2007): A quest for belonging. Anatolia beyond empire and nation (pp. 249-51). Istanbul: ISIS.
[29] Turkey PM Erdogan apologises for 1930s Kurdish killings. (2011, November 23). Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-15857429.
[30] Kieser, H. (27 July 2011), Dersim Massacre, 1937-1938. Retrieved from https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence ... 1938.html; Nilay Vardar Tunceli, Trial on “Dersim Massacre” Closed by Prescription – BIA News Center, 15 March 2011. (https://bianet.org/english/minorities/1 ... escription).
[31] Bruinessen, M. van (1996), Kurds, Turks and the Alevi Revival in Turkey. Middle East Report, (200) (pp. 7-10). See also: Shankland, D. (2003). The Alevis in Turkey: The Emergence of a Secular Islamic Tradition (p. 1.). London: Routledge.
[32]Cumhuriyet (10 April 2015):
http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/siya ... landi.html.
[33] Laizer, S. (2017, December 12), The Hit List: Killing pro-Kurds on the orders of the Turkish State. Retrieved from https://ekurd.net/turkish-killing-list-kurds-2017-07-27.
[34] See, for instance, https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/origin ... iyah.html; Turkey Launches Offensive Against U.S.-Backed Syrian Militia. (2019, October 9). Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/09/worl ... syria.html. See further below.
[35] Arifcan, U. (1997), The Saturday Mothers of Turkey. Peace Review, 9(2) (p. 265).
[36] Saturday Mothers meet for 500th time in hope of finding lost loved ones. (2014, October 25). Retrieved from https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/satur ... loved-ones–73436.
[37] Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2017): Report on the human rights situation in South-East Turkey. July 2015 to December 2016. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/documents/countri ... ch2017.pdf.
[38] Human Rights Watch (1999): Turkey. Violations of Free Expression in Turkey. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/turkey ... 993-08.htm.
[39] Hassanpour A., “Nationalism and Language in Kurdistan 1918-1985”, Edwin Mellon Press, 1992, pp. 132-136;150-152, available at: http://kurdishacademy.org/wp/kurdish-la ... in-turkey/.
[40] Ibid. See also: Letsch C., In Turkey, Repression of the Kurdish Language is Back, with No End in Sight (December 21, 2017), available at: https://www.thenation.com/article/archi ... -in-sight/.
[41] Ibid.
[42] Baybaşin H. (July 24, 2018), ‘My Humble Statement in Contribution for the Announcement of the Government in Exile of the United States of Kurdistan’, available at: http://www.uskgov.com.
[43] Ibid.
[44] Kurdistan Region, retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Region (last accessed: May 16, 2020).
[45] The Iraqi – Kurdish Conflict. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi–Kurdish_conflict; Kilic I. (2018), Britain’s Kurdish Policy and Kurdistan 1918-1923. University of East Anglia. Available at: https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/ ... _FULL.pdf; Smith B. (2010), Land, History and Separate Conflict: The Origins of Nationalist Rebellion in the Post-Colonial World. University of Florida. SSRN-id1642402.pdf. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm ... id=1642402.
[46] See below, section Iran.
[47] Prince, J.M. (January 1993), A Kurdish State in Iraq. In Current History 92(570) (pp. 17-23).
[48] Ibid.
[49] Savelsberg E., Hajo S., and Dulz I., Effectively Urbanized – Yezidis in the Collective Towns of Sheikhan and Sinjar. Etudes rurales 2010/2 (n°186).
[50] Hippler, J. (1990). Kurdistan – ein ungelöstes problem im mittleren osten: von unabhängigkeitsstreben, uneinigkeit und unterdrückung. Vereinte Nationen: German Review on the United Nations, 38(6), (p. 204).
[51] Ibid.
[52] Security Council Resolution 620 (26 August 1988). Available at: http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/620; see further Pike J., “Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)”. Available at: https://www.globalsecurity.org/military ... n-iraq.htm.
[53] “Baghdad’s Offer and Conditions for Ending War Over Kuwait” and “Excerpts From 2 Statements by Bush on Iraq’s Proposal for Ending Conflict,” The New York Times, February 16, 1991.
[54] Human Rights Watch (1 January 1992), Human Rights Watch World Report 1992 – Iraq and Occupied Kuwait. Available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/467fca591e.html; Yildiz, K., & Taysi, T. (2007): The First Gulf War: From Uprising to Democracy. In The Kurds in Iran: The Past, Present and Future (pp. 34-43). London: Pluto Press.
[55] Security Council Resolution 688 (5 April 1991). Available at: https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/a ... RES688.pdf. See also: Malanczuk, P. (1991), The Kurdish Crisis and Allied Intervention in the Aftermath of the Second Gulf War. European Journal of International Law, 2(2) (pp. 114–132, at 114). Available at: http://ejil.org/pdfs/2/1/1160.pdf.
[56] Keesing’s Record of World Events, Vol. 37 (1991) 38, 164 (News Digest for April 1991).
[57] Amnesty International (July 1991), Iraq: Human Rights Violations Since the Uprising/Summary of Amnesty International’s Concerns. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/md ... /1991/en/; Yildiz, K., & Taysi, T. (2007): The First Gulf War: From Uprising to Democracy. In The Kurds in Iran: The Past, Present and Future (pp. 34-43). London: Pluto Press.
[58] 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum. (2020, March 28). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Kurd ... referendum.
[59] Iraq halts international flights to Kurdistan Region. (2017, September 29). Retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-41440747; Iran and Iraq to hold joint border drills. (2017, September 30). Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/ ... 8863.html; A new war in Iraq, now between Shia Arabs and Kurds. (2017, October 16.). Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/middle-east-a ... and-kurds; Kurdish forces abandon long-held lands to Iraqi army and Shia fighters. (2017, October 17). Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/ ... -fighters; Iraq court rules no region can secede after Kurdish independence bid. (2017, November 6). Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mide ... SKBN1D617O.
[60] See, for instance, https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/origin ... niyah.html.
[61] Human Rights Council, Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review (2011), Twelfth session, Geneva, 3-14 October 2011. Summary prepared by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in accordance with paragraph 15 (c) of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 5/1. Syrian Arab Republic, A/HRC/WG.6/12/SYR/3, para. 13. Available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UND ... penElement.
[62] For more details, see Kurds in Syria (2011). Persecution and Discrimination against Kurdish Citizens in Syria. Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[63] Human Rights Council, Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review (2011), Twelfth session, Geneva, 3-14 October 2011. Summary prepared by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in accordance with paragraph 15 (c) of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 5/1. Syrian Arab Republic, A/HRC/WG.6/12/SYR/3, paras. 60-61. Available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UND ... penElement.
[64] Amnesty International (2011), Amnesty International submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review 12th session of the UPR Working Group, October 2011, para. B., p. 3, para. D., p. 5. Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[65] Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (1999), Consideration of reports (12th – 15th reports) submitted by state parties under Article 9 of the Convention. Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. Syrian Republic, CERD/C/304/Add.70, para. 14. Available at: https://undocs.org/CERD/C/304/Add.70.
[66] United Nations Human Rights Committee (2005), Consideration of reports submitted by state parties under Article 40 of the Covenant. Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee, CCPR/CO/84/SYR, para. 19. Available at: https://undocs.org/en/CCPR/CO/84/SYR.
[67] Kurdish Human Rights Project (2011), Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review of the Republic of Syria for consideration by the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights for submission to the 12th session of the Working Group on the UPR (3-14 October 2011), para 15., p. 4. Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[68] Human Rights Watch (2011), UPR Submission Syria March 2011. Universal Periodic Review Twelfth Session. Syrian Arab Republic, pp. 4-5. Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[69] Kurdish Human Rights Project (2011), Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review of the Republic of Syria for consideration by the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights for submission to the 12th session of the Working Group on the UPR (3-14 October 2011), paras. 11-12, p. 4. Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1. See also: Society for Threatened Peoples (2011), Universal Periodic Review Twelfth Session. Syrian Arab Republic (p. 2). Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[70] Habitat International Coalition’s Housing and Land Rights Network (2011). Systematic Housing and Land Rights Violations against Syrian Kurds (pp. 2-4). Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[71] International Support Kurds in Syria Association (2011), Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review of the Republic of Syria. For consideration by the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights for submission to the 12th session of the Working Group on the UPR (3-14 October 2011) (paras. 5–8, p. 3). Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[72] Yildiz, K. (2005), Kurdish Cultural Rights. In The Kurdish in Syria. The Forgotten People (p. 18). London: Pluto Press.
[73] Kurds in Syria (2011), Persecution and Discrimination against Kurdish Citizens in Syria (para III, p. 3). Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[74] Ibid.
[75] Kurds in Syria (2011), Persecution and Discrimination against Kurdish Citizens in Syria (paras. IV, VI, p. 3). Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[76] Ibid.
[77] Society for Threatened Peoples (2011), Universal Periodic Review Twelfth Session. Syrian Arab Republic (p. 3). Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[78] Kurds in Syria (2011), Persecution and Discrimination against Kurdish Citizens in Syria (paras. IV, p. 3). Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1. See also: Yildiz, K. (2005), Kurdish Cultural Rights. In The Kurdish in Syria. The Forgotten People (p. 116). London: Pluto Press.
[79] Yildiz, K. (2005), Kurdish Cultural Rights. In The Kurdish in Syria. The Forgotten People (p. 120). London: Pluto Press.
[80] Kurds in Syria (2011), Persecution and Discrimination against Kurdish Citizens in Syria (para. IV, p. 3). Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[81] Ameen Rizgar Muhammad (2019), Present situation with the Kurdish language. Филологические науки. Вопросы теории и практики, 12 (2), 85-90. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/prese ... h-language.
[82] Kurdish residents in Syria’s north find linguistic freedom after decades of state suppression. (2017, November 29). Retrieved from https://syriadirect.org/news/after-deca ... s-in-syria’s-north-find-linguistic-freedom/.
[83] Kurds in Syria (2011), Persecution and Discrimination against Kurdish Citizens in Syria (para. IV, p. 3). Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[84] Ibid.
[85] Ameen Rizgar Muhammad (2019), Present situation with the Kurdish language. Филологические науки. Вопросы теории и практики, 12 (2), 85-90. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/prese ... h-language.
[86] Society for Threatened Peoples (2011), Universal Periodic Review Twelfth Session. Syrian Arab Republic (p. 2). Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[87] Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, The Damascus Center for Human Rights Studies, Haitham Maleh Foundation for the Defense of Human Rights Defenders in Syria (2011), Joint submission by a coalition of regional and national human rights Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) towards the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) of Syria (section V, pp. 8–9). Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1. See also: Amnesty International (2011), Amnesty International submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review 12th session of the UPR Working Group, October 2011 (para. C., p. 3). Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[88] Kurdish Human Rights Project (2011). Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review of the Republic of Syria for consideration by the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights for submission to the 12th session of the Working Group on the UPR (3-14 October 2011) (para. 16, p. 5, para. 19, p. 6). Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[89] With A Dose of Caution, Kurds Oppose Syrian Regime. (2012, April 5). Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/2012/04/05/15006491 ... 671047304; Syria Funeral Shooting: Forces Open Fire On Mashaal Tammo Mourners. (2011, August 10). Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/0 ... 1354.html; Thousands of Kurds could awaken against Syrian regime. (2011, October 9). Retrieved from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldn ... egime.html.
[90] Radpey, L. (2016), Kurdish Regional Self-rule Administration in Syria: A new Model of Statehood and its Status in International Law Compared to the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in Iraq, Japanese Journal of Political Science, 2017(17, 3), 468-488.
[91] Human Rights Council, Forum on Minority Issues (2016), Ninth session, Minorities in situations of humanitarian crises (24 and 25 November 2016). Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/WopiF ... ItemOpen=1.
[92] Ibid.
[93] Syrian Kurds Try to Maintain Unity. (2012, July 17). Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20120723012 ... 4964.html; More Kurdish Cities Liberated As Syrian Army Withdraws from Area. (2012, July 20). Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20120721142 ... 4978.html; Armed Kurds Surround Syrian Security Forces in Qamishli. (2012, July 22). Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20120724224 ... 4984.html; Girke Lege Becomes Sixth Kurdish City Liberated in Syria. (2012, July 24). Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20121129100 ... 4992.html; Syrian Kurdish Official: Now Kurds are in Charge of their Fate. (2012, July 27). Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20120801020 ... /5010.html. See also Balance F. (2018), Sectarianism in Syria’s Civil War (Online ed.). Washington, DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Available at: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/upl ... PLETE.pdf; Bozbuğa, R. (2016, January 20). Kurdish Population in Syria. Retrieved from http://sahipkiran.org/2014/08/05/kurdis ... -in-syria/.
[94] Human Rights Council, Forum on Minority Issues (2016), Ninth session, Minorities in situations of humanitarian crises (24 and 25 November 2016). Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/WopiF ... ItemOpen=1.
[95] Ibid.
[96] Nader, A. et al (2016), Turkey’s Reaction to an Independent Kurdistan. In Regional Implications of an Independent Kurdistan (pp. 61-62). Santa Monica: RAND Cooperation.
[97] Turkey Launches Offensive Against U.S.-Backed Syrian Militia. (2019, October 9). Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/09/worl ... yria.html; Turkey unleashes airstrikes against Kurds in north-east Syria. (2019, October 9). Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/ ... a-erdogan; ISIS Rears Its Head, Adding to Chaos as Turkey Battles Kurds. (2019, October 11). Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/11/worl ... urds.html; Trump orders US troops out of northern Syria as Turkish assault continues. (2019, October 13). Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/ ... ult-kurds;
[98] Human Rights Council, Forum on Minority Issues (2016), Ninth session, Minorities in situations of humanitarian crises (24 and 25 November 2016). Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/WopiF ... ItemOpen=1.
[99] UN Commission of Inquiry on Syria (16 June 2016), ISIS is committing genocide against the Yazidis. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pag ... wsID=20113.
See also: UN Security Council Adopts Resolution – One Step Towards Justice for the Yazidi Genocide. (2017, 21 September). Retrieved from http://globaljusticecenter.net/press-ce ... i-genocide.
[100] Iraqi spy chief warns ISIS is rebuilding. (2019, November 18). Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/18/midd ... ndex.html; Isis in Iraq: Militants ‘getting stronger again’. (2019, December 23). Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50850325.
[101] Amnesty International (2008). Iran: Human Rights Abuses Against the Kurdish Minority. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/download/Docume ... NGLISH.pdf.
[102] The Kurdish Project: https://thekurdishproject.org/kurdistan ... n/mahabad/. See also: Yildiz, K., & Taysi, T. (2007), A History. In The Kurds in Iran: The Past, Present and Future (p. 13). London: Pluto Press.
[103] Yildiz, K., & Taysi, T. (2007), A History. In The Kurds in Iran: The Past, Present and Future (pp. 11-30). London: Pluto Press.
[104] Amnesty International (2008). Iran: Human Rights Abuses Against the Kurdish Minority. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/download/Docume ... NGLISH.pdf. See also: Abrahamian, E. (1982), Iran between two revolutions (p. 527). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
[105]
[106] Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan, retrieved from:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrati ... _Kurdistan
[107] De Bellaigue, C. (2005), In the Rose Garden of the Martyrs (p.60). New York: Harper Perennial.
[108] Iran Human Rights Documentation Center (2011), Murder at Mykonos: Anatomy of a Political Assassination. Available at: https://iranhrdc.org/murder-at-mykonos- ... ssination/.
[109] Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan, retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrati ... _Kurdistan.
[110] Amnesty International (2008). Iran: Human Rights Abuses Against the Kurdish Minority. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/download/Docume ... NGLISH.pdf.
[111] Ibid.
[112] Mahabad Riots, retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabad_riots.
[113] Nader, A. et al (2016), Turkey’s Reaction to an Independent Kurdistan. In Regional Implications of an Independent Kurdistan (pp. 105-107). Santa Monica: RAND Cooperation.
[114] Amnesty International (2008). Iran: Human Rights Abuses Against the Kurdish Minority. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/download/Docume ... NGLISH.pdf.
[115] Human Rights Watch (2009). Iran: Freedom of Expression and Association in the Kurdish Regions. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/01/09/i ... sh-regions.
[116] Commission on Human Rights (2006), Report of the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living – mission to the Islamic Republic (19-31 July 2005), E/CN.4/2006/41Add.2. Available at: https://undocs.org/E/CN.4/2006/41/Add.2.
[117] Kurdish United Front, retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_United_Front.
[118] Sheyholislami, J. (2012). Kurdish in Iran: A case of restricted and controlled tolerance, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2012(217) (pp. 19-47).
[119] Sheyholislami, , J. (2012). Kurdish in Iran: A case of restricted and controlled tolerance, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2012(217) (pp. 19-47).
[119] Malanczuk, P. (1991). The Kurdish crisis and allied intervention in the aftermath of the second gulf war. European Journal of International Law, 2(2) (pp. 114–132).
[120] Amnesty International (2008). Iran: Human Rights Abuses Against the Kurdish Minority. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/download/Docume ... NGLISH.pdf.
[121] For further information about discriminatory gozinesh procedures, see Amnesty International’s concerns relevant to the 91st International Labour Conference (Amnesty International 2003. AI Index: IOR 42/003/2003). International Labour Organization: 91st Session of the International Labour Conference (3 – 19 June 2003), IOR 42/003/2003. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/IOR42/003/2003/en/).
[122] Commission on Human Rights (2006), Report of the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living – mission to the Islamic Republic (19-31 July 2005), E/CN.4/2006/41Add.2 (paras. 43, 51). Available at: https://undocs.org/E/CN.4/2006/41/Add.2.
[123] Ibid, paras. 103-105.
[124] Danspeckgruber, W. and Gardner, A., Self-Determination: https://pesd.princeton.edu/node/656. See also: Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (1996). General Recommendation 21: The right to self-determination, A/51/18 (para. 4).
[125] Reference re Secession of Quebec [1998] 2 SCR 217, par. 126, 132-133.
[126] International Committee of Jurists (1920), Report of the International Committee of Jurists entrusted by the Council of the League of Nations with the task of giving an advisory opinion upon the legal aspects of the Aaland Islands Question, p. 5. Available at: https://www.ilsa.org/Jessup/Jessup10/ba ... aland1.pdf.
[127] Danspeckgruber, W. and Gardner, A., Self-Determination: https://pesd.princeton.edu/node/656.
[128] Scharf, M.P. (2003), Earned Sovereignty: Judicial Underpinnings, Denver Journal of International Law 2003(31) & Policy Journal 2004 (373) (pp. 373–79).
[129] Danspeckgruber, W. and Gardner, A., Self-Determination: https://pesd.princeton.edu/node/656.
[130] Sterio, M. (2013), The right to self-determination under international law: “selfistans,” secession, and the rule of the great powers (pp. 10, 27). London: Routledge.
[131] History.com Editors. (2009, October 29). Woodrow Wilson. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/us-presi ... row-wilson.
[132] The concept to self-determination as an anti-imperialist measure necessary for world peace was also a drive behind the Bolshevik Revolution, led by Vladimir Lenin (and to a lesser extent by Joseph Stalin), against the Czarist Russian empire. Cassese, A. (1995). Self-determination of Peoples: A Legal Reappraisal (pp. 14-19). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[133] History.com Editors. (2009, October 29). Woodrow Wilson. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/us-presi ... row-wilson.
[134] Documents of the United Nations Conference on International Organization. G/29 I/I/16 (vol. VI, p. 296).
[135] Documents of the United Nations Conference on International Organization. Report of the Rapporteur of the Sub-Committee (I/1/A) to Committee I/1 (1 June 1945), I/I/A/19 (vol. VI, pp. 703-704); I/1/34(1), p. 455.
[136] GA Res. 1514 (XV) Declaration of the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (14 December 1960), UN Doc. A/RES/1514(XV).
[137] Adopted on 16 December 1966 and entered into force on 23rd March 1976, 999 UNTS 171 (ICCPR) and on 3 January 1976, 993 UNTS 3 (ICESCR) respectively.
[138] General Assembly Resolution 2625 (XXV) (1970). Declaration concerning Friendly Relations (24 October 1970), UN Doc. A/25/2625.
[139] Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, Preamble. Available at: http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.as ... S/2625(XXV).
[140] Ibid.
[141] Craven, M. (2014). Statehood, Self-Determination, and Recognition. In Malcolm D. Evans (ed), International Law (4th ed,) (pp. 226-227). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[142] Case Concerning East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) [1995] ICJ Rep 90, para. 29.
[143] See, inter alia, Reference re Secession of Quebec [1998] 2 SCR 217, para. 114.
[144] See, e.g. Cassese, A. (1995). Self-determination of Peoples: A Legal Reappraisal (pp. 119). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (arguing that a group may have the right to separate from its mother state “[w]hen the central authorities of a sovereign state persistently refuse to grant participatory rights” to a “religious or racial group”).
[145] See for instance, Deng, F. M. et. al., eds. (1996), Sovereignty as Responsibility: Conflict Management in Africa. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press; Fowler, M.R. and Bunck, J.M. (1995), Law, Power and the Sovereign State: The Evolution and Application of the Concept of Sovereignty. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press; The International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (2002), The Responsibility to Protect. Ottawa: International Development Research Center;
Buchanan, A. (1992), Self-Determination and the Right to Secede. Journal of International Affairs 1992 (45:2), 347-365; and McQuorodale, R (1994). Self-determination: A Human Rights Approach. International and Comparative Law Quarterly 1994 (43:4), 857-885.
[146] League of Nations (1921), The Aaland Islands Question: Report Submitted to the Council of the League of Nations by the Commission of Rapporteurs, League of Nations Doc. B7/21/68/106 (1921).
[147] Reference re Secession of Quebec, [1998] 2 S.C.R. 217.
[148] Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinion [2010] ICJ Rep 403.
[149] Monastery of Saint-Naoum, Advisory Opinion, 1924, PCIJ, Series B, No. 9 and North Sea Continental Shelf (Germany v. Denmark and Netherlands), Judgment [1969] ICJ Report 3, para. 46.
[150] Hendriksen, A. (2019). The Actors in the International Legal System. In International Law (p. 66). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[151] Customs Regime Between Germany and Austria, Individual Opinion by M. Anzilotti, 1931, PCIJ Series A/B, No. 41, 58.
[152] Security Council Resolution 216 (12 November 1965), UN Doc. S/RES/216 and SC Res. 217 (20 November 1965), UN Doc. S/RES/217.
[153] Security Council Resolution 662 (9 August 1990), UN Doc. S/RES/662.
The announcement of the USK
[2] Iraq halts international flights to Kurdistan Region. (2017, September 29). Retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-41440747; Iran and Iraq to hold joint border drills. (2017, September 30). Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/ ... 8863.html; A new war in Iraq, now between Shia Arabs and Kurds. (2017, October 16.). Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/middle-east-a ... and-kurds; Kurdish forces abandon long-held lands to Iraqi army and Shia fighters. (2017, October 17). Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/ ... a-fighters.
[3] Battle of Kirkuk (2017). (2020, April 19). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kirkuk_(2017).
[4] Iraqi Kurdish leader Massoud Barzani to step down. (2017, October 29). Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-41794083.
[5] Iraq court rules no region can secede after Kurdish independence bid. (2017, November 6). Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mide ... SKBN1D617O.
[6] Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (1933). Available at: https://www.jus.uio.no/english/services ... states.xml.
[7] Prof. Hasani E, Self-Determination, Territorial Integrity and International Stability. National Defence Academy, Institute for Peace Support and Conflict Management Vienna in co-operation with: PfP-Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes. Available at: https://www.bundesheer.at/pdf_pool/publ ... hasa03.pdf.
[8] Baybasin H. (July 24, 2018), ‘My Humble Statement in Contribution for the Announcement of the Government in Exile of the United States of Kurdistan’, available at: http://www.uskgov.com.
[9] Yildiz, K., Muller, M., & Chomsky, N. (2008): Background. In The European Union and Turkish Accession: Human Rights and the Kurds (p. 6). London: Pluto Press; Cemilpaşa, E., (1988): Kurdistan kisa tarihi: Istanbul, 1988: doz basin yayin.
[10] Sterio, M. (2013): The right to self-determination under international law: “selfistans,” secession, and the rule of the great powers (pp. 10, 27). London: Routledge.
[11] Ibid; Izady, M. (2004), Kurds and the Formation of the State of Iraq, 1917–1932. In Simon R. & Tejirian E. (Eds.), The Creation of Iraq, 1914-1921 (pp. 95-109). New York: Columbia University Press.
[12] Zeydanlıoğlu, W. (2012), Turkey’s Kurdish language policy, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2012(217), 99-125.
[13] Malanczuk, P. (1991), The Kurdish Crisis and Allied Intervention in the Aftermath of the Second Gulf War. European Journal of International Law, 2(2), 114–132. Available at: http://ejil.org/pdfs/2/1/1160.pdf.
[14] Hippler, J. (1990). Kurdistan – ein ungelöstes problem im mittleren osten: von unabhängigkeitsstreben, uneinigkeit und unterdrückung. Vereinte Nationen: German Review on the United Nations, 38(6), (pp. 202–203).
[15] Hannum, H. (2011): Autonomy, Sovereignty, and Self-Determination (pp. 178-202). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
[16] Malanczuk, P. (1991), The Kurdish Crisis and Allied Intervention in the Aftermath of the Second Gulf War. European Journal of International Law, 2(2), 114–132. Available at: http://ejil.org/pdfs/2/1/1160.pdf; Dawn, C. (2010): Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East (pp. 231-278). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[17] Çandarlıoğlu, K (2020, February 22), Istiklal Mahkemeleri. Retrieved from https://belgelerlegercektarih.com/2012/ ... hkemeleri/.
[18] Olson, R.W. (1989), The Emergence of Kurdish Racism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880-1925. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77619-5. Archived from the original on 2008-09-17; Olson, R.W. (March 2000), The Kurdish Rebellions of Sheikh Said (1925), Mt. Ararat (1930), and Dersim (1937-8): Their Impact on the Development of the Turkish Air Force and on Kurdish and Turkish Nationalism. In Die Welt des Islams. 40 (1) (pp. 67–94). doi:10.1163/1570060001569893; University of Central Arkansas (Political Science): 16. Turkey/Kurds (1922-present). Available at: https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-p ... -present/; Mustafa Gürbüz: Rival Kurdish Movements in Turkey. Transforming Ethnic Conflict (p. 104). Amsterdam University Press. Available at: http://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/a ... 623376.pdf.
[19] See, amongst others, Jozuka E. (22 June 2012), Shedding light on the Zilan Massacre in Turkey. Available at: https://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2 ... ey3988.htm. See also: Massicard, E. (2009, September 28), The Repression of the Koçgiri Rebellion, 1920-1921. Retrieved from https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence ... 1921.html; Yildiz, K., Muller, M., & Chomsky, N. (2008): Background. In The European Union and Turkish Accession: Human Rights and the Kurds (p. 15). London: Pluto Press.
[20] See, for instance, Kieser H-L. (27 July 2011), Dersim Massacre, 1937-1938. Retrieved from https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence ... -1938.html. See also: Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey. (2020, April 16). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rig ... _in_Turkey.
[21] Ibid; with reference to: Aygün, H. (2009), Dersim 1938 ve zorunlu iskân, Telgraflar, dilekçeler, mektuplar (pp. 57-89). Ankara: Dipnot.
[22] Göktaş, H. (1991), Kürt, Isyan, Tenkil. Istanbul: Alan Yayincilik.
[23] Çağlayangil, İ.S. (2007), Kader bizi una değil, üne itti: ağlayangil’in anıları (pp. 69-73). Istanbul: Bilgi Yayınevi. See also: Kieser, H. (2007), A quest for belonging. Anatolia beyond empire and nation (pp. 249-251). Istanbul: ISIS.
[24] Badıllı, A (1990), Bediüzzaman Said Nursi, Mufassal Tarihçe-i Hayatı (p. 1134). Istanbul: Timaş. According to Zaman 4 December 2008.
[25] Bruinessen, M. van (1994), Genocide in Kurdistan? The suppression of the Dersim rebellion in Turkey (1937-38) and the chemical war against the Iraqi Kurds (1988). In Andreopoulos, G. J. (Ed.) Conceptual and historical dimensions of genocide (pp. 141-170). University of Pennsylvania Press.
[26] Beşikçi, İ (1992), Tunceli kanunu (1935) ve Dersim jenosidi. Ankara: Yurt Kitap-Yayın.
[27] Bruinessen, M. van (1994), Genocide in Kurdistan? The suppression of the Dersim rebellion in Turkey (1937-38) and the chemical war against the Iraqi Kurds (1988). In Andreopoulos, G. J. (Ed.) Conceptual and historical dimensions of genocide (pp. 143). University of Pennsylvania Press. See also: Hannum, H. (2011), Autonomy, Sovereignty, and Self-Determination (pp. 178-202). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
[28] Kieser, H. (2000), Der verpasste Friede. Mission, Ethnie und Staat in den Ostprovinzen der Türkei (1839-1938) (pp.411-412). Zürich: Chronos. See also: Kieser, H. (2007): A quest for belonging. Anatolia beyond empire and nation (pp. 249-51). Istanbul: ISIS.
[29] Turkey PM Erdogan apologises for 1930s Kurdish killings. (2011, November 23). Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-15857429.
[30] Kieser, H. (27 July 2011), Dersim Massacre, 1937-1938. Retrieved from https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence ... 1938.html; Nilay Vardar Tunceli, Trial on “Dersim Massacre” Closed by Prescription – BIA News Center, 15 March 2011. (https://bianet.org/english/minorities/1 ... escription).
[31] Bruinessen, M. van (1996), Kurds, Turks and the Alevi Revival in Turkey. Middle East Report, (200) (pp. 7-10). See also: Shankland, D. (2003). The Alevis in Turkey: The Emergence of a Secular Islamic Tradition (p. 1.). London: Routledge.
[32]Cumhuriyet (10 April 2015):
http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/siya ... landi.html.
[33] Laizer, S. (2017, December 12), The Hit List: Killing pro-Kurds on the orders of the Turkish State. Retrieved from https://ekurd.net/turkish-killing-list-kurds-2017-07-27.
[34] See, for instance, https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/origin ... iyah.html; Turkey Launches Offensive Against U.S.-Backed Syrian Militia. (2019, October 9). Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/09/worl ... syria.html. See further below.
[35] Arifcan, U. (1997), The Saturday Mothers of Turkey. Peace Review, 9(2) (p. 265).
[36] Saturday Mothers meet for 500th time in hope of finding lost loved ones. (2014, October 25). Retrieved from https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/satur ... loved-ones–73436.
[37] Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2017): Report on the human rights situation in South-East Turkey. July 2015 to December 2016. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/documents/countri ... ch2017.pdf.
[38] Human Rights Watch (1999): Turkey. Violations of Free Expression in Turkey. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/turkey ... 993-08.htm.
[39] Hassanpour A., “Nationalism and Language in Kurdistan 1918-1985”, Edwin Mellon Press, 1992, pp. 132-136;150-152, available at: http://kurdishacademy.org/wp/kurdish-la ... in-turkey/.
[40] Ibid. See also: Letsch C., In Turkey, Repression of the Kurdish Language is Back, with No End in Sight (December 21, 2017), available at: https://www.thenation.com/article/archi ... -in-sight/.
[41] Ibid.
[42] Baybaşin H. (July 24, 2018), ‘My Humble Statement in Contribution for the Announcement of the Government in Exile of the United States of Kurdistan’, available at: http://www.uskgov.com.
[43] Ibid.
[44] Kurdistan Region, retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Region (last accessed: May 16, 2020).
[45] The Iraqi – Kurdish Conflict. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi–Kurdish_conflict; Kilic I. (2018), Britain’s Kurdish Policy and Kurdistan 1918-1923. University of East Anglia. Available at: https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/ ... _FULL.pdf; Smith B. (2010), Land, History and Separate Conflict: The Origins of Nationalist Rebellion in the Post-Colonial World. University of Florida. SSRN-id1642402.pdf. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm ... id=1642402.
[46] See below, section Iran.
[47] Prince, J.M. (January 1993), A Kurdish State in Iraq. In Current History 92(570) (pp. 17-23).
[48] Ibid.
[49] Savelsberg E., Hajo S., and Dulz I., Effectively Urbanized – Yezidis in the Collective Towns of Sheikhan and Sinjar. Etudes rurales 2010/2 (n°186).
[50] Hippler, J. (1990). Kurdistan – ein ungelöstes problem im mittleren osten: von unabhängigkeitsstreben, uneinigkeit und unterdrückung. Vereinte Nationen: German Review on the United Nations, 38(6), (p. 204).
[51] Ibid.
[52] Security Council Resolution 620 (26 August 1988). Available at: http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/620; see further Pike J., “Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)”. Available at: https://www.globalsecurity.org/military ... n-iraq.htm.
[53] “Baghdad’s Offer and Conditions for Ending War Over Kuwait” and “Excerpts From 2 Statements by Bush on Iraq’s Proposal for Ending Conflict,” The New York Times, February 16, 1991.
[54] Human Rights Watch (1 January 1992), Human Rights Watch World Report 1992 – Iraq and Occupied Kuwait. Available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/467fca591e.html; Yildiz, K., & Taysi, T. (2007): The First Gulf War: From Uprising to Democracy. In The Kurds in Iran: The Past, Present and Future (pp. 34-43). London: Pluto Press.
[55] Security Council Resolution 688 (5 April 1991). Available at: https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/a ... RES688.pdf. See also: Malanczuk, P. (1991), The Kurdish Crisis and Allied Intervention in the Aftermath of the Second Gulf War. European Journal of International Law, 2(2) (pp. 114–132, at 114). Available at: http://ejil.org/pdfs/2/1/1160.pdf.
[56] Keesing’s Record of World Events, Vol. 37 (1991) 38, 164 (News Digest for April 1991).
[57] Amnesty International (July 1991), Iraq: Human Rights Violations Since the Uprising/Summary of Amnesty International’s Concerns. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/md ... /1991/en/; Yildiz, K., & Taysi, T. (2007): The First Gulf War: From Uprising to Democracy. In The Kurds in Iran: The Past, Present and Future (pp. 34-43). London: Pluto Press.
[58] 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum. (2020, March 28). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Kurd ... referendum.
[59] Iraq halts international flights to Kurdistan Region. (2017, September 29). Retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-41440747; Iran and Iraq to hold joint border drills. (2017, September 30). Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/ ... 8863.html; A new war in Iraq, now between Shia Arabs and Kurds. (2017, October 16.). Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/middle-east-a ... and-kurds; Kurdish forces abandon long-held lands to Iraqi army and Shia fighters. (2017, October 17). Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/ ... -fighters; Iraq court rules no region can secede after Kurdish independence bid. (2017, November 6). Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mide ... SKBN1D617O.
[60] See, for instance, https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/origin ... niyah.html.
[61] Human Rights Council, Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review (2011), Twelfth session, Geneva, 3-14 October 2011. Summary prepared by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in accordance with paragraph 15 (c) of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 5/1. Syrian Arab Republic, A/HRC/WG.6/12/SYR/3, para. 13. Available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UND ... penElement.
[62] For more details, see Kurds in Syria (2011). Persecution and Discrimination against Kurdish Citizens in Syria. Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[63] Human Rights Council, Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review (2011), Twelfth session, Geneva, 3-14 October 2011. Summary prepared by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in accordance with paragraph 15 (c) of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 5/1. Syrian Arab Republic, A/HRC/WG.6/12/SYR/3, paras. 60-61. Available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UND ... penElement.
[64] Amnesty International (2011), Amnesty International submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review 12th session of the UPR Working Group, October 2011, para. B., p. 3, para. D., p. 5. Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[65] Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (1999), Consideration of reports (12th – 15th reports) submitted by state parties under Article 9 of the Convention. Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. Syrian Republic, CERD/C/304/Add.70, para. 14. Available at: https://undocs.org/CERD/C/304/Add.70.
[66] United Nations Human Rights Committee (2005), Consideration of reports submitted by state parties under Article 40 of the Covenant. Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee, CCPR/CO/84/SYR, para. 19. Available at: https://undocs.org/en/CCPR/CO/84/SYR.
[67] Kurdish Human Rights Project (2011), Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review of the Republic of Syria for consideration by the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights for submission to the 12th session of the Working Group on the UPR (3-14 October 2011), para 15., p. 4. Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[68] Human Rights Watch (2011), UPR Submission Syria March 2011. Universal Periodic Review Twelfth Session. Syrian Arab Republic, pp. 4-5. Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[69] Kurdish Human Rights Project (2011), Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review of the Republic of Syria for consideration by the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights for submission to the 12th session of the Working Group on the UPR (3-14 October 2011), paras. 11-12, p. 4. Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1. See also: Society for Threatened Peoples (2011), Universal Periodic Review Twelfth Session. Syrian Arab Republic (p. 2). Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[70] Habitat International Coalition’s Housing and Land Rights Network (2011). Systematic Housing and Land Rights Violations against Syrian Kurds (pp. 2-4). Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[71] International Support Kurds in Syria Association (2011), Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review of the Republic of Syria. For consideration by the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights for submission to the 12th session of the Working Group on the UPR (3-14 October 2011) (paras. 5–8, p. 3). Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[72] Yildiz, K. (2005), Kurdish Cultural Rights. In The Kurdish in Syria. The Forgotten People (p. 18). London: Pluto Press.
[73] Kurds in Syria (2011), Persecution and Discrimination against Kurdish Citizens in Syria (para III, p. 3). Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[74] Ibid.
[75] Kurds in Syria (2011), Persecution and Discrimination against Kurdish Citizens in Syria (paras. IV, VI, p. 3). Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[76] Ibid.
[77] Society for Threatened Peoples (2011), Universal Periodic Review Twelfth Session. Syrian Arab Republic (p. 3). Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[78] Kurds in Syria (2011), Persecution and Discrimination against Kurdish Citizens in Syria (paras. IV, p. 3). Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1. See also: Yildiz, K. (2005), Kurdish Cultural Rights. In The Kurdish in Syria. The Forgotten People (p. 116). London: Pluto Press.
[79] Yildiz, K. (2005), Kurdish Cultural Rights. In The Kurdish in Syria. The Forgotten People (p. 120). London: Pluto Press.
[80] Kurds in Syria (2011), Persecution and Discrimination against Kurdish Citizens in Syria (para. IV, p. 3). Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[81] Ameen Rizgar Muhammad (2019), Present situation with the Kurdish language. Филологические науки. Вопросы теории и практики, 12 (2), 85-90. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/prese ... h-language.
[82] Kurdish residents in Syria’s north find linguistic freedom after decades of state suppression. (2017, November 29). Retrieved from https://syriadirect.org/news/after-deca ... s-in-syria’s-north-find-linguistic-freedom/.
[83] Kurds in Syria (2011), Persecution and Discrimination against Kurdish Citizens in Syria (para. IV, p. 3). Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[84] Ibid.
[85] Ameen Rizgar Muhammad (2019), Present situation with the Kurdish language. Филологические науки. Вопросы теории и практики, 12 (2), 85-90. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/prese ... h-language.
[86] Society for Threatened Peoples (2011), Universal Periodic Review Twelfth Session. Syrian Arab Republic (p. 2). Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[87] Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, The Damascus Center for Human Rights Studies, Haitham Maleh Foundation for the Defense of Human Rights Defenders in Syria (2011), Joint submission by a coalition of regional and national human rights Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) towards the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) of Syria (section V, pp. 8–9). Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1. See also: Amnesty International (2011), Amnesty International submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review 12th session of the UPR Working Group, October 2011 (para. C., p. 3). Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[88] Kurdish Human Rights Project (2011). Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review of the Republic of Syria for consideration by the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights for submission to the 12th session of the Working Group on the UPR (3-14 October 2011) (para. 16, p. 5, para. 19, p. 6). Available at: https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_lay ... ItemOpen=1.
[89] With A Dose of Caution, Kurds Oppose Syrian Regime. (2012, April 5). Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/2012/04/05/15006491 ... 671047304; Syria Funeral Shooting: Forces Open Fire On Mashaal Tammo Mourners. (2011, August 10). Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/0 ... 1354.html; Thousands of Kurds could awaken against Syrian regime. (2011, October 9). Retrieved from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldn ... egime.html.
[90] Radpey, L. (2016), Kurdish Regional Self-rule Administration in Syria: A new Model of Statehood and its Status in International Law Compared to the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in Iraq, Japanese Journal of Political Science, 2017(17, 3), 468-488.
[91] Human Rights Council, Forum on Minority Issues (2016), Ninth session, Minorities in situations of humanitarian crises (24 and 25 November 2016). Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/WopiF ... ItemOpen=1.
[92] Ibid.
[93] Syrian Kurds Try to Maintain Unity. (2012, July 17). Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20120723012 ... 4964.html; More Kurdish Cities Liberated As Syrian Army Withdraws from Area. (2012, July 20). Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20120721142 ... 4978.html; Armed Kurds Surround Syrian Security Forces in Qamishli. (2012, July 22). Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20120724224 ... 4984.html; Girke Lege Becomes Sixth Kurdish City Liberated in Syria. (2012, July 24). Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20121129100 ... 4992.html; Syrian Kurdish Official: Now Kurds are in Charge of their Fate. (2012, July 27). Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20120801020 ... /5010.html. See also Balance F. (2018), Sectarianism in Syria’s Civil War (Online ed.). Washington, DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Available at: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/upl ... PLETE.pdf; Bozbuğa, R. (2016, January 20). Kurdish Population in Syria. Retrieved from http://sahipkiran.org/2014/08/05/kurdis ... -in-syria/.
[94] Human Rights Council, Forum on Minority Issues (2016), Ninth session, Minorities in situations of humanitarian crises (24 and 25 November 2016). Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/WopiF ... ItemOpen=1.
[95] Ibid.
[96] Nader, A. et al (2016), Turkey’s Reaction to an Independent Kurdistan. In Regional Implications of an Independent Kurdistan (pp. 61-62). Santa Monica: RAND Cooperation.
[97] Turkey Launches Offensive Against U.S.-Backed Syrian Militia. (2019, October 9). Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/09/worl ... yria.html; Turkey unleashes airstrikes against Kurds in north-east Syria. (2019, October 9). Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/ ... a-erdogan; ISIS Rears Its Head, Adding to Chaos as Turkey Battles Kurds. (2019, October 11). Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/11/worl ... urds.html; Trump orders US troops out of northern Syria as Turkish assault continues. (2019, October 13). Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/ ... ult-kurds;
[98] Human Rights Council, Forum on Minority Issues (2016), Ninth session, Minorities in situations of humanitarian crises (24 and 25 November 2016). Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/WopiF ... ItemOpen=1.
[99] UN Commission of Inquiry on Syria (16 June 2016), ISIS is committing genocide against the Yazidis. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pag ... wsID=20113.
See also: UN Security Council Adopts Resolution – One Step Towards Justice for the Yazidi Genocide. (2017, 21 September). Retrieved from http://globaljusticecenter.net/press-ce ... i-genocide.
[100] Iraqi spy chief warns ISIS is rebuilding. (2019, November 18). Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/18/midd ... ndex.html; Isis in Iraq: Militants ‘getting stronger again’. (2019, December 23). Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50850325.
[101] Amnesty International (2008). Iran: Human Rights Abuses Against the Kurdish Minority. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/download/Docume ... NGLISH.pdf.
[102] The Kurdish Project: https://thekurdishproject.org/kurdistan ... n/mahabad/. See also: Yildiz, K., & Taysi, T. (2007), A History. In The Kurds in Iran: The Past, Present and Future (p. 13). London: Pluto Press.
[103] Yildiz, K., & Taysi, T. (2007), A History. In The Kurds in Iran: The Past, Present and Future (pp. 11-30). London: Pluto Press.
[104] Amnesty International (2008). Iran: Human Rights Abuses Against the Kurdish Minority. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/download/Docume ... NGLISH.pdf. See also: Abrahamian, E. (1982), Iran between two revolutions (p. 527). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
[105]
[106] Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan, retrieved from:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrati ... _Kurdistan
[107] De Bellaigue, C. (2005), In the Rose Garden of the Martyrs (p.60). New York: Harper Perennial.
[108] Iran Human Rights Documentation Center (2011), Murder at Mykonos: Anatomy of a Political Assassination. Available at: https://iranhrdc.org/murder-at-mykonos- ... ssination/.
[109] Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan, retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrati ... _Kurdistan.
[110] Amnesty International (2008). Iran: Human Rights Abuses Against the Kurdish Minority. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/download/Docume ... NGLISH.pdf.
[111] Ibid.
[112] Mahabad Riots, retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabad_riots.
[113] Nader, A. et al (2016), Turkey’s Reaction to an Independent Kurdistan. In Regional Implications of an Independent Kurdistan (pp. 105-107). Santa Monica: RAND Cooperation.
[114] Amnesty International (2008). Iran: Human Rights Abuses Against the Kurdish Minority. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/download/Docume ... NGLISH.pdf.
[115] Human Rights Watch (2009). Iran: Freedom of Expression and Association in the Kurdish Regions. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/01/09/i ... sh-regions.
[116] Commission on Human Rights (2006), Report of the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living – mission to the Islamic Republic (19-31 July 2005), E/CN.4/2006/41Add.2. Available at: https://undocs.org/E/CN.4/2006/41/Add.2.
[117] Kurdish United Front, retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_United_Front.
[118] Sheyholislami, J. (2012). Kurdish in Iran: A case of restricted and controlled tolerance, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2012(217) (pp. 19-47).
[119] Sheyholislami, , J. (2012). Kurdish in Iran: A case of restricted and controlled tolerance, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2012(217) (pp. 19-47).
[119] Malanczuk, P. (1991). The Kurdish crisis and allied intervention in the aftermath of the second gulf war. European Journal of International Law, 2(2) (pp. 114–132).
[120] Amnesty International (2008). Iran: Human Rights Abuses Against the Kurdish Minority. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/download/Docume ... NGLISH.pdf.
[121] For further information about discriminatory gozinesh procedures, see Amnesty International’s concerns relevant to the 91st International Labour Conference (Amnesty International 2003. AI Index: IOR 42/003/2003). International Labour Organization: 91st Session of the International Labour Conference (3 – 19 June 2003), IOR 42/003/2003. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/IOR42/003/2003/en/).
[122] Commission on Human Rights (2006), Report of the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living – mission to the Islamic Republic (19-31 July 2005), E/CN.4/2006/41Add.2 (paras. 43, 51). Available at: https://undocs.org/E/CN.4/2006/41/Add.2.
[123] Ibid, paras. 103-105.
[124] Danspeckgruber, W. and Gardner, A., Self-Determination: https://pesd.princeton.edu/node/656. See also: Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (1996). General Recommendation 21: The right to self-determination, A/51/18 (para. 4).
[125] Reference re Secession of Quebec [1998] 2 SCR 217, par. 126, 132-133.
[126] International Committee of Jurists (1920), Report of the International Committee of Jurists entrusted by the Council of the League of Nations with the task of giving an advisory opinion upon the legal aspects of the Aaland Islands Question, p. 5. Available at: https://www.ilsa.org/Jessup/Jessup10/ba ... aland1.pdf.
[127] Danspeckgruber, W. and Gardner, A., Self-Determination: https://pesd.princeton.edu/node/656.
[128] Scharf, M.P. (2003), Earned Sovereignty: Judicial Underpinnings, Denver Journal of International Law 2003(31) & Policy Journal 2004 (373) (pp. 373–79).
[129] Danspeckgruber, W. and Gardner, A., Self-Determination: https://pesd.princeton.edu/node/656.
[130] Sterio, M. (2013), The right to self-determination under international law: “selfistans,” secession, and the rule of the great powers (pp. 10, 27). London: Routledge.
[131] History.com Editors. (2009, October 29). Woodrow Wilson. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/us-presi ... row-wilson.
[132] The concept to self-determination as an anti-imperialist measure necessary for world peace was also a drive behind the Bolshevik Revolution, led by Vladimir Lenin (and to a lesser extent by Joseph Stalin), against the Czarist Russian empire. Cassese, A. (1995). Self-determination of Peoples: A Legal Reappraisal (pp. 14-19). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[133] History.com Editors. (2009, October 29). Woodrow Wilson. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/us-presi ... row-wilson.
[134] Documents of the United Nations Conference on International Organization. G/29 I/I/16 (vol. VI, p. 296).
[135] Documents of the United Nations Conference on International Organization. Report of the Rapporteur of the Sub-Committee (I/1/A) to Committee I/1 (1 June 1945), I/I/A/19 (vol. VI, pp. 703-704); I/1/34(1), p. 455.
[136] GA Res. 1514 (XV) Declaration of the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (14 December 1960), UN Doc. A/RES/1514(XV).
[137] Adopted on 16 December 1966 and entered into force on 23rd March 1976, 999 UNTS 171 (ICCPR) and on 3 January 1976, 993 UNTS 3 (ICESCR) respectively.
[138] General Assembly Resolution 2625 (XXV) (1970). Declaration concerning Friendly Relations (24 October 1970), UN Doc. A/25/2625.
[139] Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, Preamble. Available at: http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.as ... S/2625(XXV).
[140] Ibid.
[141] Craven, M. (2014). Statehood, Self-Determination, and Recognition. In Malcolm D. Evans (ed), International Law (4th ed,) (pp. 226-227). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[142] Case Concerning East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) [1995] ICJ Rep 90, para. 29.
[143] See, inter alia, Reference re Secession of Quebec [1998] 2 SCR 217, para. 114.
[144] See, e.g. Cassese, A. (1995). Self-determination of Peoples: A Legal Reappraisal (pp. 119). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (arguing that a group may have the right to separate from its mother state “[w]hen the central authorities of a sovereign state persistently refuse to grant participatory rights” to a “religious or racial group”).
[145] See for instance, Deng, F. M. et. al., eds. (1996), Sovereignty as Responsibility: Conflict Management in Africa. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press; Fowler, M.R. and Bunck, J.M. (1995), Law, Power and the Sovereign State: The Evolution and Application of the Concept of Sovereignty. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press; The International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (2002), The Responsibility to Protect. Ottawa: International Development Research Center;
Buchanan, A. (1992), Self-Determination and the Right to Secede. Journal of International Affairs 1992 (45:2), 347-365; and McQuorodale, R (1994). Self-determination: A Human Rights Approach. International and Comparative Law Quarterly 1994 (43:4), 857-885.
[146] League of Nations (1921), The Aaland Islands Question: Report Submitted to the Council of the League of Nations by the Commission of Rapporteurs, League of Nations Doc. B7/21/68/106 (1921).
[147] Reference re Secession of Quebec, [1998] 2 S.C.R. 217.
[148] Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinion [2010] ICJ Rep 403.
[149] Monastery of Saint-Naoum, Advisory Opinion, 1924, PCIJ, Series B, No. 9 and North Sea Continental Shelf (Germany v. Denmark and Netherlands), Judgment [1969] ICJ Report 3, para. 46.
[150] Hendriksen, A. (2019). The Actors in the International Legal System. In International Law (p. 66). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[151] Customs Regime Between Germany and Austria, Individual Opinion by M. Anzilotti, 1931, PCIJ Series A/B, No. 41, 58.
[152] Security Council Resolution 216 (12 November 1965), UN Doc. S/RES/216 and SC Res. 217 (20 November 1965), UN Doc. S/RES/217.
[153] Security Council Resolution 662 (9 August 1990), UN Doc. S/RES/662.
The announcement of the USK
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